What Are the 3Rs?
The 3Rs-Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement-are guiding principles for humane animal research. First introduced in 1959, the 3Rs aim to:
- Replacement: Use non-animal alternatives like computer models whenever possible.
- Reduction: Minimize the number of animals used to obtain valid results.
- Refinement: Enhance animal welfare and reduce suffering where use is unavoidable.
These principles are widely supported across scientific institutions and policy bodies globally.
How Computational Models Support the 3Rs
- Simulate biological and developmental processes in silico without involving live animals.
- Allow early hypothesis testing before conducting physical experiments.
- Enable parameter optimization and scenario testing, reducing overall in vivo demand.
NC3Rs – Driving 3Rs Research in the UK
The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) is a UK-based organization dedicated to advancing the 3Rs through funding, innovation, and collaboration. Since its establishment in 2004, NC3Rs has invested millions in 3Rs-focused science and helped shape better research practices across the globe.
Your Contribution Recognised
In 2025, Peyman Shadmani was awarded the NC3Rs Early Career Engagement Award (£15,000) to support the dissemination of computational embryogenesis models. This initiative promotes the 3Rs through open-access platforms, virtual tools, and educational outreach. The project is featured on the official NC3Rs website: View the NC3Rs project.